Korea has long been renowned for its traditional pottery techniques, particularly in East Asia. During the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, pottery craftsmanship reached its peak, developing distinct techniques that are still admired today. In this post, we’ll explore the fascinating history and key types of traditional Korean pottery.
The History of Korean Pottery
The history of Korean pottery dates back to the Neolithic period, when simple earthenware was made for daily use. Initially, these primitive pots were functional, but as technology advanced, pottery began to take on more artistic value.
Significant progress was made during the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla periods. The influence of Silla’s metalworking and bronze production techniques allowed for more intricate pottery designs. By the time of the Unified Silla era, luxurious ceramics were being produced, and Korea’s interaction with China brought more refined methods to the region.
However, it was during the Goryeo dynasty that Korean pottery truly flourished. Goryeo celadon, known for its clear and transparent jade-green glaze, is considered one of the most beautiful ceramics in the world. The delicate carvings and inlay techniques developed during this time elevated its artistic value.
In the Joseon dynasty, white porcelain became dominant. Unlike the colorful celadon, Joseon white porcelain emphasized simplicity and understated beauty, reflecting the Confucian ideals of the time. The pottery made during this era ranged from practical items for everyday use to fine porcelain crafted for royal families.
Major Types of Korean Pottery
Korean pottery can be categorized into different types depending on the era and intended use. Some of the most notable types include:
- 청자 (Celadon): This is the signature pottery of the Goryeo dynasty, characterized by its jade-green, translucent glaze. Goryeo celadon often features intricate patterns created through the sanggam technique, where designs are carved into the surface and filled with contrasting clay. These inlaid celadon pieces are regarded as masterpieces of Korean ceramics.
- 백자 (White Porcelain): Joseon white porcelain is known for its pure white, elegant appearance. It gained popularity due to its simplicity and minimalism, reflecting the Confucian values of the period. One iconic example is the moon jar (dalhangari), a large, round porcelain jar with slightly asymmetrical curves, which exemplifies the aesthetic of the Joseon era.
- 옹기 (Onggi): Onggi refers to traditional Korean earthenware used for storing fermented foods such as kimchi, soy sauce, and gochujang. Unlike other ceramics, onggi is unglazed, allowing the pottery to "breathe," which helps preserve fermented foods effectively.
The Pottery-Making Process and Techniques
The creation of Korean pottery is a meticulous process that involves several stages. Here’s a brief overview of the key steps:
- Clay Preparation and Kneading: The first and most crucial material in pottery is clay. After collecting the clay, it is carefully kneaded to remove any air pockets, preparing it for molding.
- Shaping: Next, the clay is shaped into the desired form. Depending on the size, shape, and purpose of the pottery, different molding techniques are used.
- First Firing: Once shaped, the pottery undergoes an initial low-temperature firing called the "biscuit firing" or chobeol. This helps harden the piece and maintain its structure.
- Glazing: A glaze is applied to the surface, giving the pottery its smooth finish and enhancing its durability and waterproof qualities. Glazing also allows for various colors and textures.
- Final Firing: After glazing, the pottery is fired again at a higher temperature to achieve its final look. This process determines the piece’s color and texture.
➤ Although traditional Korean pottery is not commonly used in everyday life today, its value as an artistic and cultural treasure remains significant. Many now view Korean pottery more as a decorative art form than as practical household items. Its distinctive beauty and craftsmanship continue to captivate collectors and art lovers around the world, solidifying its place as an important part of Korea's cultural heritage.
